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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): Causes, Symptoms, and Management Strategies
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a progressive and life-threatening lung disorder that primarily affects breathing by obstructing airflow from the lungs. It is one of the most common respiratory diseases worldwide, with millions of cases reported annually. The disease develops slowly over time, often going undiagnosed until it reaches a moderate or severe stage. COPD encompasses two major conditions: chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Chronic bronchitis involves persistent inflammation of the airways, while emphysema is the gradual destruction of lung tissue, particularly the alveoli, where oxygen exchange occurs. Together, these conditions make it difficult for patients to breathe and maintain adequate oxygen levels in the blood.
The leading cause of COPD is long-term exposure to harmful substances that irritate the lungs and airways. Cigarette smoking is the primary risk factor, accounting for up to 90% of cases. However, non-smokers can…